Imikorere y'udukingirizo tw'imashini
Imashini ifunga umuriro ni ingenzi mu buryo bwo gutwika moteri ya lisansi. Ishobora kwinjiza ingufu nyinshi mu cyumba gitwika no gutuma isimbuka hejuru y’aho electrode iherereye kugira ngo ikore umuriro, bityo igatwika uruvange rushobora gushya muri silinda. Igizwe ahanini na nut yo guhuza, insulator, screw yo guhuza, electrode yo hagati, electrode zo ku ruhande n'aho ikorera. Electrode zo ku ruhande zihambiriwe ku gice gitwikiriye.
Agasanduku k'umuriro, gakunze kuzwi nka "umunwa w'umuriro", gakora mu kurekura amashanyarazi afite ingufu nyinshi yoherezwa n'insinga ifite ingufu nyinshi (insinga y'umuriro), kanyura mu mwuka hagati y'ama-electrode abiri y'agasanduku k'umuriro, kandi kagakora agasanduku k'amashanyarazi gacana umwuka uvanze muri silinda. Ubwoko bw'ingenzi burimo: udusanduku tw'umuriro duto, udusanduku tw'umuriro dusohoka mu gice cy'inyuma, udusanduku tw'umuriro dusohoka mu bwoko bwa electrode, udusanduku tw'umuriro dusohoka mu ntebe, udusanduku tw'umuriro dusohoka mu maso, n'ibindi.
Udukingirizo tw’umuriro dushyirwa ku ruhande cyangwa hejuru ya moteri. Mu minsi ya mbere, utwuma tw’umuriro twahuzwaga n’icyuma gikwirakwiza umuriro binyuze mu nsinga za silindiri. Mu myaka icumi ishize, moteri nyinshi mu modoka nto zahinduwe kugira ngo zihuzwe neza n’agakingirizo k’umuriro. Umuvuduko w’amashanyarazi y’agakingirizo ni nibura 10.000V. Umuvuduko mwinshi uterwa n’amashanyarazi y’amashanyarazi ya 12V hanyuma woherezwa muri agakingirizo k’umuriro.
Kubera ingaruka z'amashanyarazi menshi, umwuka uri hagati ya electrode yo hagati n'amashanyarazi yo ku ruhande rw'ikiziba cy'ingufu uhita uhinduka ionization, ugakora electron zifite ingufu zihagije hamwe na electron zidafite ingufu zihagije. Iyo ingufu zihagije hagati ya electrode zigeze ku gaciro runaka, umubare wa electron na electron muri gazi wiyongera nk'inkangu, bigatuma umwuka utakaza ubushobozi bwawo bwo gukingira. Umuyoboro usohoka ukorwa mu cyuho, maze hakabaho ikintu "cyo gucika". Muri iki gihe, gazi ikora umubiri ucana, witwa "ingufu". Uko igenda yiyongera kubera ubushyuhe, ijwi rya "pop pop" naryo rirabaho. Ubushyuhe bw'iyi electron bushobora kugera kuri dogere selisiyusi 2000 kugeza 3000, ibi bikaba bihagije kugira ngo bishyushye mu cyumba cyo gutwika cya silinda.
Dukurikije agaciro ka karori, hariho ubwoko bukonje n'ubwoko bushyushye. Dukurikije ibikoresho bya electrode, hariho aloyi za nikeli, aloyi za feza n'aloyi za platine, nibindi. Niba turi abanyamwuga, ubwoko bwa spark plugs ni ubu bukurikira:
Agapira k'ingufu ka Quasi-type: Ijipo yayo y'uburinzi irasubitswe gato mu gice cyo ku mpera y'aho icumbika, kandi electrode yo ku ruhande iri hanze y'igice cyo ku mpera y'aho icumbika. Ni bwo bwoko bukoreshwa cyane.
Agace k'urumuri gasohoka ku mpande: Agace k'urukiramende ni karekare kandi karasohoka karenze igice cy'inyuma cy'aho umuntu atuye. Gafite ibyiza byo gufata ubushyuhe bwinshi no kwirinda kwanduza. Byongeye kandi, gashobora gukonjeshwa n'umwuka ujyana ibintu mu kirere kugira ngo gabanye ubushyuhe, bityo ntigashobora gutera ubushyuhe bwinshi. Kubwibyo, gafite uburyo bwinshi bwo guhangana n'ubushyuhe.
Udupira two mu bwoko bwa electrode: Udupira twazo ni twiza cyane. Zirangwa n'udupira twinshi, ubushobozi bwo gucana neza, kandi zishobora gutuma moteri itangira vuba kandi neza ndetse no mu bihe by'ubukonje. Zifite ubushyuhe bwinshi kandi zishobora gukoresha ibintu bitandukanye.
Agakingirizo k'intebe: Imbere yayo n'umugozi wa vis byakozwe mu buryo bw'inyuguti y'urukiramende, bityo bishobora kugumana agakingirizo keza nta gaseke, bityo bikagabanya ingano y'agakingirizo k'intebe kandi bikagira akamaro kanini mu miterere ya moteri.
Udukingirizo tw’imashini zikoresha polar spark: Udukingirizo tw’imashini zikoresha polar spark muri rusange tuba turi tubiri cyangwa turenze. Ibyiza byazo ni uko umuriro wizewe kandi icyuho ntigikeneye guhindurwa kenshi. Kubwibyo, akenshi zikoreshwa muri moteri zimwe na zimwe za lisansi aho electrode zishobora gutwarwa n’isuri kandi icyuho cy’udukingirizo tw’imashini kidashobora guhindurwa kenshi.
Agace k'urumuri rwo mu maso: Kazwi kandi nka ubwoko bw'urumuri rwo mu maso, ni ubwoko bukonje cyane bw'agace k'urumuri rwo mu maso, kandi icyuho kiri hagati y'amashanyarazi yo hagati n'inyuma y'agace k'urumuri kiba kiri hagati.
Udupira tw'ubwoko busanzwe n'utw'ubwoko bugaragara
Agasanduku gasanzwe k'imashini ni agasanduku k'imashini gafite uruhande rumwe gafite impera y'ijipo y'icyuma iri munsi gato y'inyuma y'inyuma y'aho ikorera. Gakoresha imiterere gakondo y'imashini ikoreshwa cyane muri moteri zifata umuriro ku ruhande. Kugira ngo gatandukanye n' "ubwoko bugaragara" bwavutse nyuma, iyi miterere yitwa "ubwoko busanzwe".
Igikoresho cyo gufunga cy’umurabyo cyari cyaragenewe moteri zo hejuru y’imashini zirinda umuriro. Igikoresho cyacyo cyo gufunga cy’umurabyo gituruka ku mpera y’igikonoshwa cy’umugozi kikagera mu cyumba cyo gutwika. Gifata ubushyuhe bwinshi mu mvange y’umuriro, gifite ubushyuhe bwinshi bukoreshwa ku muvuduko wo gutwika, kandi kirinda kwandura. Ku muvuduko mwinshi, bitewe n’uko valve ishyizwe hejuru, umwuka uhumekwa werekeza ku gikoresho cyo gufunga umuriro, kikawukonjesha. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ubushyuhe ntarengwa ntibuzamuka cyane, bityo ubushyuhe bukaba bunini cyane. Igikoresho cyo gufunga cy’umurabyo cy’umurabyo ntikibereye moteri zikingira ku ruhande kuko zifite inzira nyinshi mu nzira yo kwinjiramo kandi umwuka usohoka nta ngaruka zigira ku gikoresho cyo gufunga umuriro.
Udukingirizo tw'udukingirizo tw'inkingi imwe n'udukingirizo twinshi
Agakoresho gasanzwe k’imashini imwe gafite inenge yihariye, ni ukuvuga ko electrode yo ku ruhande itwikira electrode yo hagati. Iyo hagati y’inkingi zombi habaye amashanyarazi menshi, umwuka uvanze uri mu cyuho cy’imashini uzajya ufata ubushyuhe bw’imashini hanyuma ugatangira gukoreshwa bitewe na ionization kugira ngo habeho "imashini y’imashini". Aho imashini ikora muri rusange hafi y’imashini yo ku ruhande. Muri iki gihe, ubushyuhe bwinshi buzatwarwa na electrode yo ku ruhande, izwi nka "ingaruka zo guhagarika umuriro" wa electrode. Ibi bigabanya ingufu z’imashini kandi bikagabanya imikorere y’umuriro.
Rero, mu myaka ya 1920, havutse uduce duto tw’ingufu eshatu. Ugereranyije na electrode y’uruhande rumwe, icyuho cy’ingufu cya electrode y’uruhande rwinshi kigizwe n’ibice byinshi by’ingufu zo kuruhande (zishyizwe mu myobo izengurutse) n’ubuso bw’ingufu bwo hagati. Iki cyuho cy’ingufu gishyirwa ku ruhande gikuraho ingaruka mbi za electrode zo kuruhande zitwikira electrode yo hagati, cyongera "uburyo bwo kwinjira" kw’ingufu, gifite ingufu nyinshi z’ingufu, kandi byoroshye kwinjira imbere muri silinda, bifasha kunoza imiterere y’umuriro w’uruvange no kugabanya imyuka ihumanya. Bitewe n’inkingi nyinshi zitanga imiyoboro myinshi y’ingufu, igihe cyo gukora kiraramba kandi icyizere cyo gutwika kirarushaho kwiyongera. Aha ni ngombwa kugaragaza ko mu gihe cyo gusohora, umuyoboro umwe gusa ari wo ushobora gutwika, kandi ntibishoboka ko inkingi nyinshi zitwika icyarimwe. Uburyo bwo gusohora amafoto yihuta bugaragaza iyi ngingo.
Inyuguti z’inyuma (inyuguti zikurikira agaciro ka karori) D, J, na Q mu buryo bw’imashini zo mu rugo zigaragaza inkingi ebyiri, inkingi eshatu, n’inkingi enye.
Udupira tw'amashanyarazi dushingiye kuri nikeli n'umuringa
Ibisabwa by'ingenzi kuri electrode zijya mu cyumba cyo gutwika ni ukurwanya kwangirika (kwaba amashanyarazi n'ibinyabutabire) hamwe n'ubushobozi bwiza bwo gutwara ubushyuhe. Bitewe n'iterambere ry'ubumenyi bw'ibikoresho n'ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya, ibikoresho bya electrode byanyuze mu nzira y'impinduka kuva ku cyuma, nikeli, aloyi zishingiye kuri nikeli, ibikoresho bivanze bya nikeli n'umuringa kugeza ku byuma by'agaciro. Aloyi ikoreshwa cyane muri iki gihe ni aloyi ishingiye kuri nikeli. Muri rusange, ibyuma bisukuye bifite ubushobozi bwiza bwo gutwara ubushyuhe kurusha aloyi, ariko ibyuma bisukuye (nka nikeli) birushaho kwitwara neza ku bijyanye n'ibyuka bitwika n'imiterere y'ibintu bikomeye birema kurusha aloyi. Kubwibyo, ibikoresho bya electrode bifata ibikoresho bishingiye kuri nikeli byongewemo ibintu nka chromium, manganese, na silicon. Chromium yongera ubushobozi bwo kurwanya isuri y'amashanyarazi, mu gihe manganese na silicon byongerera ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese, cyane cyane kurwanya okiside ya sulfur iteje akaga cyane.
Udupira tw'ubwoko busanzwe n'utwo kwirinda
Iyi plagi y'amashanyarazi, nk'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi usohora imashini, ni isoko y'urujya n'uruza rw'amashanyarazi rukomeza gukoreshwa mu buryo bwa interineti. Kuva mu myaka ya 1960, ibihugu hirya no hino ku isi byihutishije iterambere rya plagi z'amashanyarazi zirwanya imashini kugira ngo bihagarike inzitizi zikomeye z'imirasire y'amashanyarazi iterwa n'imashini zitera radiyo, birinde itumanaho rya radiyo kandi birinde imikorere mibi y'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga biri mu ndege. Ubushinwa kandi bwashyizeho urutonde rw'amahame y'igihugu agenga ikoreshwa rya electromagnetic, bushyiraho amabwiriza akomeye ku miterere y'imashini zitwara amashanyarazi zikoresha moteri zitera imashini zitwika. Kubera iyo mpamvu, icyifuzo cy'imashini zirwanya imashini cyariyongereye cyane. Imashini zirwanya imashini nta tandukaniro rigaragara mu miterere yazo n'ubwoko busanzwe; itandukaniro ryonyine ni uko icyuma gifunga amashanyarazi kiri mu mubiri urinda imashini gihinduka kikajya mu gifunga cy'amashanyarazi.
Niba ushaka kumenya byinshi, komeza usome izindi nkuru kuri uru rubuga!
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