Itara ryo mu mutwe.
Muri rusange amatara y'imodoka agizwe n'ibice bitatu: itara ry'urumuri, akagarura-rumuri n'indorerwamo ijyanye nayo (indorerwamo ya astigmatism).
1. itara
Amatara akoreshwa mu matara y'imodoka ni amatara ashyushye, amatara ya halogen tungsten, amatara mashya y'ubushyuhe bwinshi n'ibindi.
(1) Itara rishyuha: umugozi waryo ukozwe mu nsinga ya tungsten (tungsten ifite aho ishongera cyane n'urumuri rukomeye). Mu gihe cyo gukora, kugira ngo itara rirusheho gukora, rizuzura umwuka udafite umwuka (azote n'uruvange rwayo rw'imyuka idafite umwuka). Ibi bishobora kugabanya imyuka y'insinga ya tungsten, byongera ubushyuhe bw'umugozi, kandi byongera imikorere myiza y'urumuri. Urumuri ruturuka ku itara rishyuha rufite ibara ry'umuhondo.
(2) Itara rya Tungsten halide: Itara rya Tungsten halide rishyirwa muri gazi idafite umwuka mu kintu runaka cya halide (nka iyode, chlorine, fluorine, bromine, nibindi), hakoreshejwe ihame rya tungsten halide recycling reaction, ni ukuvuga, tungsten iva mu gahu ihura na halogen kugira ngo ikore tungsten halide ihindagurika, ikwirakwira mu gace k'ubushyuhe bwinshi hafi y'agahu, kandi ibora n'ubushyuhe, bityo tungsten igasubizwa kuri filament. Halogen yarekuwe ikomeza gukwirakwira no kugira uruhare mu ihinduka ry'izenguruka rikurikira, bityo izenguruka rigakomeza, bityo bikarinda ihinduka rya tungsten no kwirabura kw'agahu. Ingano y'agahu ka Tungsten halogen ni nto, igishishwa cy'agahu kikozwe mu kirahuri cya quartz gifite ubushyuhe bwinshi n'imbaraga nyinshi za mekanike, munsi y'imbaraga zimwe, urumuri rw'itara rya Tungsten halogen rukubye inshuro 1.5 urw'itara rya incandescent, kandi ubuzima bwaryo burushaho kuba inshuro 2 kugeza kuri 3.
(3) Itara rishya ry’ubushyuhe bwinshi: Iri tara nta filime isanzwe rifite mu itara. Ahubwo, electrode ebyiri zishyirwa mu muyoboro wa quartz. Umuyoboro wuzuyemo xenon na trace metals (cyangwa halides z’icyuma), kandi iyo hari voltage ihagije ya arc kuri electrode (5000 ~ 12000V), gazi itangira gukora iyoni no gutanga amashanyarazi. Atome za gazi ziba ziri mu gihe cyo gushyuha kandi zigatangira gutanga urumuri bitewe n’impinduka mu rwego rw’ingufu za electron. Nyuma ya 0.1s, ingano nto y’umwuka wa mercure irahinduka hagati ya electrodes, maze amashanyarazi ahita yimurirwa mu itara rya mercure vapor arc, hanyuma yimurirwa mu itara rya halide arc nyuma y’uko ubushyuhe buzamutse. Nyuma y’uko urumuri rugeze ku bushyuhe busanzwe bw’itara, imbaraga zo kubungabunga isohoka rya arc ziba nke cyane (hafi 35w), bityo 40% by’ingufu z’amashanyarazi zishobora kuzigamwa.
2. Akagarurarumuri
Inshingano y'icyuma gitanga urumuri ni ukongera uburyo bwo kugabanya urumuri rutangwa n'itara rujya mu rumuri rukomeye kugira ngo rwongere intera y'imirasire.
Imiterere y'indorerwamo ni paraboloid izenguruka, muri rusange ikozwe mu cyuma gito cyane cya mm 0.6 ~ 0.8 gikozwe mu kirahure, cya pulasitiki. Igice cy'imbere gisizweho ifeza, aluminiyumu cyangwa chrome hanyuma kigaseswa; Uduce tw'urumuri tuba ku gice cy'imbere cy'indorerwamo, kandi imirasire myinshi y'urumuri rwayo iragaragara ikagera kure nk'imirasire ingana. Itara ridafite indorerwamo rishobora kumurika intera ya metero 6 gusa, kandi imirasire ingana igaragara n'indorerwamo ishobora kumurika intera irenga metero 100. Nyuma y'indorerwamo, hari urumuri ruto rutatanye, aho hejuru ntacyo rumaze na gato, kandi urumuri rwo ku ruhande n'urwo hasi rufasha kumurika umuhanda n'inkombe zawo kuva kuri metero 5 kugeza kuri 10.
3. lenzi y'ijisho
Pantoscope, izwi kandi nka astigmatic glass, ni uruvange rw'ama prisms n'ama lens menshi yihariye, kandi imiterere yayo muri rusange ni uruziga n'urukiramende. Akamaro k'indorerwamo ihuye ni ugusubiza inyuma imirabyo igaragara mu ndorerwamo, kugira ngo umuhanda uri imbere y'imodoka ugire urumuri rwiza kandi rungana.
gutondeka
Sisitemu y'amatara yo mu mutwe ni uruvange rw'amatara, akagarura-rumuri n'indorerwamo bihuye. Dukurikije imiterere itandukanye y'isitemu y'amatara yo mu mutwe, itara ryo mu mutwe rishobora kugabanywamo amoko atatu: igice gifunze, igifunze n'icyerekezo.
1. Itara ry'imbere rifunze neza
Itara ry'imbere rifunze neza, indorerwamo n'indorerwamo bifatanye, ntibishobora gusenywa, itara rishobora gukururwa inyuma y'indorerwamo, inyungu y'itara ry'imbere rifunze neza ni uko umugozi watwitswe ugomba gusimbuza itara gusa, ikibazo ni ukudafunga neza. Itara ry'imbere rihujwe rihuza ikimenyetso cy'imbere cyo guhindukira, itara ry'imbere ry'ubugari, itara ry'umurambararo munini n'urumuri ruto mu buryo bwose, mu gihe reflektori na pantoscope bikozwe mu buryo bwose hakoreshejwe ibikoresho by'umwimerere, kandi itara rishobora gukururwa byoroshye inyuma. Hamwe n'amatara ahujwe, abakora imodoka bashobora gukora ubwoko ubwo aribwo bwose bw'indorerwamo zijyanye n'urumuri rw'imbere iyo babisabye kugira ngo banoze imiterere y'ikirere cy'imodoka, bakoreshe lisansi neza kandi bakore imiterere y'imodoka.
2. Amatara y'imbere afunze
Amatara yo mu mutwe afunze kandi agabanyijemo amatara yo mu mutwe asanzwe afunze n'amatara yo mu mutwe afunze ya halogen.
Sisitemu y'urumuri y'itara risanzwe rifunze ni uguhuza no gusudira agatara n'indorerwamo bihuye kugira ngo bibe igice cy'urumuri, maze agatara gahurizwa ku gice cy'urumuri. Ubuso bw'agatara bushyirwamo aluminiyumu hakoreshejwe umwuka udafite isuku, kandi itara ryuzuyemo umwuka utagira isuku na halogen. Ibyiza by'iyi nyubako ni imikorere myiza yo gufunga, indorerwamo ntizanduzwa n'ikirere, ubushobozi bwo gusubiza urumuri neza, kandi imara igihe kirekire. Ariko, nyuma y'uko agatara kamaze gushya, itsinda ryose ry'urumuri rigomba gusimburwa, kandi ikiguzi kiba kiri hejuru.
3. Itara ryo mu mutwe rigaragaza imiterere y'imbere
Sisitemu y'urumuri rw'imbere igizwe ahanini n'itara ry'urumuri, reflector, indorerwamo y'igicucu n'indorerwamo ijyanye n'urumuri. Koresha indorerwamo nini cyane idashushanyije, indorerwamo ni uruziga. Bityo umurambararo wayo wo hanze ni muto cyane. Amatara y'imbere afite ingingo ebyiri z'ingenzi, icya mbere ni itara naho icya kabiri cy'ingenzi kigaragara mu rumuri. Shyira urumuri mu ndorerwamo irambuye hanyuma urushyire kure. Akamaro karwo ni uko imikorere yarwo ari myiza, kandi inzira yarwo yo kwerekana imirasire ni:
(1) Urumuri rwoherezwa mu gice cyo hejuru cy'itara runyura mu rumuri rugana ku gice cya kabiri, kandi rureba kure runyuze mu ndorerwamo ijyanye n'urumuri.
(2) Muri icyo gihe, urumuri rwoherezwa mu gice cyo hasi cy'itara rugaragara n'indorerwamo ipfutse, rukagaruka ku gitereko hanyuma rukajugunywa ku gice cya kabiri, hanyuma rukajya ku ntera inyura mu ndorerwamo ijyanye n'aho igaragara.
Mu ikoreshwa ry'imodoka, ibisabwa ku matara y'imodoka ni: kugira urumuri rwiza, ariko kandi kwirinda guhuma umushoferi w'imodoka iri imbere, bityo ikoreshwa ry'amatara y'imodoka rigomba kwitabwaho ku ngingo zikurikira:
(1) Komeza isuku ya pantoscope y'amatara yo mu mutwe, cyane cyane iyo utwaye imodoka mu mvura n'urubura, umwanda n'umwanda bizagabanya urumuri rw'amatara ho 50%. Hari ubwoko bumwe bufite udupira two guhanagura amatara yo mu mutwe n'udupira two gusukura amazi.
(2) Iyo imodoka zombi zihuye nijoro, izo modoka zombi zigomba kuzimya urumuri rurerure rw'itara hanyuma zigahindura urumuri rwegereye kugira ngo zirinde umutekano wo gutwara.
(3) Kugira ngo itara rikore neza, umuyoboro w'itara ugomba kugenzurwa no guhindurwa nyuma yo gusimbuzwa itara cyangwa nyuma yuko imodoka itwaye ibirometero 10.000.
(4) Reba buri gihe itara n'umuyoboro w'itara n'icyuma gifunganye kugira ngo harebwe niba birekuye kandi ko birekuye, kugira ngo urebe neza ko icyuma gifunganye ari cyiza kandi ko icyuma gifunganye ari cyiza. Iyo itara rirekuye, iyo itara rifunguye, rizatuma habaho umuyaga uturuka ku kuzimya k'urukiramende, bityo bigatwika agahu, kandi niba itara rirekuye, bizagabanya urumuri rw'itara bitewe n'ubwiyongere bw'umuvuduko w'icyuma gifunganye.
Niba ushaka kumenya byinshi, komeza usome izindi nkuru kuri uru rubuga!
Duhamagare niba ukeneye ibyo bicuruzwa.
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