Urugi.
Urugi ni uguha umushoferi n'abagenzi uburenganzira bwo kwinjira muri iki kinyabiziga, no gutandukanya ikibazo kiri hanze y'ikinyabiziga, kugira ngo bigabanye ingaruka ku ruhande ku rugero runaka, kandi birinde abagitwaye. Ubwiza bw'ikinyabiziga bufitanye isano kandi n'imiterere y'urugi. Ubwiza bw'urugi bugaragarira ahanini mu mikorere y'urugi yo kurwanya impanuka, uburyo rufunga neza, uburyo rworoshye bwo gufungura no gufunga urugi, ndetse birumvikana ko n'ibindi bimenyetso byerekana imikoreshereze y'ibikoresho. Kurwanya impanuka ni ingenzi cyane, kuko iyo ikinyabiziga kigize ingaruka ku ruhande, intera iri hagati yacyo iba ngufi cyane, kandi biroroshye gukomeretsa abagitwaye.
Mu muryango mwiza hazaba hari nibura imitako ibiri irinda kugongana, kandi uburemere bw'umutako urinda kugongana buraremereye, ni ukuvuga ko urugi rwiza ruremereye koko. Ariko uko urugi ruremereye, ni ko rurushaho kuba rwiza. Imodoka nshya zo muri iki gihe, niba umutekano ushoboka, abashushanya bazashaka uburyo bwo kugabanya uburemere bw'imodoka, harimo n'urugi (nko gukoresha ibikoresho bishya) kugira ngo bagabanye ikoreshwa ry'amashanyarazi. Dukurikije umubare w'inzugi, imodoka ishobora kugabanywamo inzugi ebyiri, inzugi eshatu, inzugi enye, inzugi eshanu n'ibindi. Imodoka zikoreshwa mu bucuruzi ahanini ni iz'inzugi enye, imodoka zikoreshwa mu miryango zirahari zifite inzugi enye ndetse n'eshatu n'eshanu (inzugi z'inyuma zirazamuwe), kandi imodoka za siporo ahanini ni iz'inzugi ebyiri.
Urugi rushobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bukurikira hakurikijwe uburyo rufunguka: Urugi rwa Cis: nubwo imodoka irimo gukora, rushobora gufungwa n'umuvuduko w'umwuka utembera, ibyo bikaba ari umutekano, kandi byoroshye ko umushoferi areba inyuma iyo asubiye inyuma, bityo rukoreshwa cyane. Urugi rufunguye inyuma: iyo imodoka itwaye, niba idafunze neza, ishobora kuyoborwa n'umwuka ugiye kuza, bityo ikoreshwa gake, kandi muri rusange ikoreshwa gusa kugira ngo yongere uburyo bwo korohereza kwinjira no kuva muri bisi kandi ikwiranye n'imyitwarire myiza. Urugi rw'imodoka rugendanwa rutambitse: Akamaro karwo ni uko rushobora gufungurwa rwose iyo intera iri hagati y'urukuta rw'umubiri n'imbogamizi ari nto. Urugi rwo hejuru: Rukoreshwa cyane nk'umuryango w'inyuma w'imodoka na bisi nto, ariko kandi rukoreshwa no mu modoka nto. Urugi ruzunguruka: Rukoreshwa cyane muri bisi nini n'iziciriritse. Urugi rw'imodoka muri rusange rugizwe n'ibice bitatu: igice cy'umuryango, ibikoresho by'umuryango n'igipfukisho cy'imbere. Urugi rugizwe n'icyapa cy'imbere cy'urugi, imodoka iri hanze y'icyapa cy'urugi, ikibaho cy'idirishya ry'urugi, inkingi yo gukomeza umuryango n'icyapa cyo gukomeza umuryango. Ibikoresho by'urugi birimo imigozi y'urugi, imifungurire y'urugi, uburyo bwo gufunga umuryango n'imifatanire y'imbere n'inyuma, ikirahure cy'urugi, ibirahure by'ibirahure n'ibipfundikizo. Icyapa cy'imbere cy'urugi kigizwe n'icyapa cyo gufunga, icyapa cy'imbere, uruhu rw'imbere n'icyuma cyo gupfuka imbere. Urugi rushobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bukurikira hakurikijwe uko rukorwa: urugi rw'inyongera: amasahani y'imbere n'inyuma akozwe mu cyuma cyose nyuma yo gukanda, ikiguzi cy'ishoramari ry'ibanze ry'uburyo bwo gukora ni kinini, ariko ibikoresho bireba bishobora kugabanuka uko bikwiye, kandi igipimo cyo gukoresha ibikoresho ni gito. Urugi rwagabanyijwe: bitewe n'ihuriro ry'urugi rw'imodoka n'ihuriro ry'urugi rw'imbere n'inyuma rw'urugi, ihuriro ry'urugi rishobora gukorwa hakoreshejwe kuzingurura, ikiguzi ni gito, umusaruro ni munini, ikiguzi cy'ibumba gihuye nacyo ni gito, ariko ikiguzi cy'igenzura nyuma kiri hejuru, kandi uburyo bwo gukora ni bubi cyane. Itandukaniro riri hagati y'urugi rw'inyongera n'urugi rwagabanijwe mu giciro rusange si kinini cyane, ahanini hakurikijwe ibisabwa kugira ngo hamenyekane imiterere y'imiterere ijyanye n'imiterere. Bitewe n'ibisabwa byinshi byo kwerekana imideli y'imodoka no gukora neza, imiterere rusange y'urugi ikunze kugabanywamo ibice. [2] Ibisabwa mu miterere y'urugi 1, kugira ngo abagenzi boroherezwe kwinjira no kuva aho ruherereye, umwanya ntarengwa wo gufungura ugenzurwa kuri dogere 65 ~ 70; 2. Nta kintu na kimwe gikwiye kuba kibangamiye ibindi bice mu gihe cyo gufungura; 3, urugi rugomba gufungwa neza iyo rufunze, ntirufunguke mu gihe cyo gutwara; 4, uburyo bwo kugenzura urugi inyuma, harimo n'urugi rworoshye, urumuri rwo guterura ikirahure, nibindi; 5, ibisabwa mu mikorere myiza yo gufunga; 6, rufite ubuso bunini bubonerana, kugira ngo buhuze n'ibisabwa mu mpande; 7, kugira imbaraga zihagije no gukomera kugira ngo urugi rukore neza, kugabanya guhinda kw'igice cy'urugi, kunoza umutekano w'imodoka mu kugongana, gukumira urugi kurohama; 8, gukora neza urugi, inzira yo guteranya. 1, isahani y'urugi rw'imodoka: 0.6 ~ 0.8mm yometseho icyuma gifunga; 2, igiti gikomeza umuryango: ni ukuvuga igiti gikingira inkongi, gifite imiterere y'igice cy'umuyoboro ufunze, ariko kandi gifite icyuma gikomeye cyo gukandagira; 3, icyuma cy'imbere cy'umuryango: icyuma cy'ingenzi gishyigikira, ariko kandi n'urugi rufatanye n'umubiri wo gushyiraho, muri rusange hakoreshejwe icyuma gito cyane. Gifite ibi bikurikira: (1) bigomba gukurwa mu mpande zombi kugira ngo habeho umuryango munini; (2) Ameza ahinnye n'afite imiterere itandukanye agomba gukandagira ku buso bw'icyuma kugira ngo hashyirweho uburyo bwo gushyiraho ibikoresho; (3) Gukata imigozi itandukanye yo gukomeza kugira ngo yongere ubukana no kugabanya gutigita n'urusaku. 4, icyuma gikomeza umuryango: igice cy'umuryango gikomejwe kandi gishyirwaho. (1) Shyira igice cy'uburyo bwo gufata umuryango ku buso bw'imbere bw'igice kugira ngo wongere ubukana n'imbaraga zo guhuza igice cyo gushyiraho; (2) Igipande gikomeza gifite ubugari bwa 1.2 ~ 1.6mm gishyirwa ku rugi, aho gufungura n'ingufuri y'umuryango, kandi gifatanye n'icyuma cy'imbere cy'umuryango; (3) Amasahani yo gukomeza ashyirwa ku muryango no hanze y'urukuta rw'idirishya, kandi imiterere ihamye yo gushyiraho igice n'umurongo wo gufunga igomba kwitabwaho. 5, idirishya ry'umuryango: ahanini hakoreshejwe icyuma gito cyo gusiga cyangwa gucuranga. Ingingo z'ingenzi zo kwitaho mu gice cy'imiterere y'idirishya: (1) Guhuza neza n'urukuta rw'umuryango ku ruhande rw'umubiri; (2) Imikorere myiza yo gufunga, umurongo wo gufunga, imiterere y'umuyoboro w'ikirahure n'imiterere yo gushyiraho; (3) Kuzuza ibisabwa mu kuzamura ikirahure; (4) Ubukomere bw'urukuta rw'idirishya ubwarwo, bugira ingaruka zikomeye ku gice cyo gufunga; (5) Imiterere yo guhuza urukuta rw'idirishya n'amasahani y'imbere n'inyuma. Mu igenzura ry’urugi rushya rw’imodoka, tugomba kubanza kureba niba umupaka w’urugi rushya rw’imodoka ufite utudomo duto, hanyuma tukareba niba inkingi ya A, inkingi ya B, n’inkingi ya C by’imodoka nshya bifite ibibazo, ariko tunarebe niba prism y’umupaka w’imodoka nshya ifite ingese, aha ni ahantu horoshye cyane gukora amakosa, kuko abantu benshi bafungura urugi, bazahura n’imbogamizi zikikije umubiri, bityo bizatera ingese mu irangi rya prismatic. Igenzura ry’urugi rw’imodoka nshya, mu igenzura ry’imodoka nshya, kwita cyane ku igenzura ry’urugi rushya rw’imodoka nubwo atari ingenzi nk’igenzura ry’imodoka, ariko ntirishobora kwirengagizwa, nyuma ya byose, niba urugi rw’imodoka nshya rudafunze neza, bigatuma amazi ava iyo imvura iguye, cyangwa niba yari imodoka yaguye mu mpanuka, ntabwo iba itembye cyane. Igenzura igihe urugi rw'imodoka nshya rufunze: Reba niba icyuho ku mpande zombi z'urugi rw'imodoka nshya kiri cyoroshye, cyoroshye, gifite ingano imwe, kandi niba hafi y'urugi iri ku rwego rumwe, kuko niba urugi rwashyizwemo ibibazo, birashoboka ko urugi ruri hejuru cyangwa hasi kurusha urundi ruhande rw'urugi. Uretse kureba witonze, iyi ntambwe igomba no gukorwaho n'intoki. Icya kabiri, igenzura igihe urugi rw'imodoka nshya rufunguye: Reba niba agace ka rubber ku rugi rw'imodoka nshya n'inkingi ya A na B by'imodoka nshya ari ibisanzwe, kuko niba agace ka rubber gashyizwemo nabi, gufunga no gusohora urugi kenshi bizatuma agace ka rubber gahinduka ku mpande zombi. Muri ubu buryo, gufunga kw'imodoka nshya ntibizaba byiza cyane, kandi bishobora gutuma amazi asukwa mu modoka nshya iyo imvura iguye. Icya gatatu, igenzura ry'urugi rw'imodoka nshya rigomba kandi kugenzura neza niba ibice biri mu nkingi ya A by'imodoka nshya byarasizwe irangi risanzwe kandi niba imisumari ikomeye. Mu by’ukuri, si vis gusa, ahubwo ni vis ziri muri buri mwanya w’imodoka nshya zigomba kugenzurwa neza. 4. Hindura buri rugi inshuro nyinshi, urebe niba inzira yo guhinduranya igenda neza kandi isanzwe, kandi niba hari ijwi ridasanzwe. Inama nziza: Mu gihe cyo kugenzura urugi rushya rw’imodoka, tugomba gusubira inyuma kenshi, tukareba mu cyerekezo kinini, dukorana, kugira ngo tumenye ikibazo. Igenzura ry’imodoka nshya ntirigomba gutinya ikibazo, kandi igenzura ry’urugi rushya rw’imodoka ntirishobora kugaragara gusa mu rugi, ahubwo rigomba gukorwa cyane kugira ngo harebwe ko rufite ubuziranenge ku rugero runini.
Niba ushaka kumenya byinshi, komeza usome izindi nkuru kuri uru rubuga!
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