Urugi.
Urugi nuguha umushoferi nabagenzi uburyo bwo kugera kubinyabiziga, no gutandukanya intambamyi hanze yimodoka, kugirango bigabanye ingaruka kuruhande runaka, no kurinda abayirimo. Ubwiza bwimodoka nabwo bufitanye isano nimiterere yumuryango. Ubwiza bwumuryango bugaragarira cyane cyane mubikorwa byo kurwanya kugongana kwumuryango, imikorere yikimenyetso cyumuryango, korohereza gufungura no gufunga umuryango, kandi byanze bikunze, ibindi bimenyetso byerekana imikoreshereze yimirimo. Kurwanya kugongana ni ngombwa cyane, kuko iyo ikinyabiziga gifite ingaruka kuruhande, intera ya buffer iba mugufi cyane, kandi biroroshye gukomeretsa abari mumodoka.
Hazaba byibuze byibuze ibiti bibiri byo kurwanya kugongana mumuryango mwiza, kandi uburemere bwibiti byo kurwanya kugongana biraremereye, nukuvuga ko umuryango mwiza rwose uremereye. Ariko urugi ruremereye, nibyiza. Imodoka nshya yuyu munsi, niba imikorere yumutekano ishobora kwemezwa, abayishushanya bazashakisha uburyo bwo kugabanya uburemere bwikinyabiziga, harimo umuryango (nko gukoresha ibikoresho bishya) kugirango bagabanye gukoresha amashanyarazi. Ukurikije umubare wimiryango, imodoka irashobora kugabanywamo inzugi ebyiri, inzugi eshatu, inzugi enye, inzugi eshanu nibindi. Imodoka zikoreshwa mubikorwa byubucuruzi ahanini ni imiryango ine, imodoka zikoreshwa mubikorwa byumuryango ziraboneka hamwe ninzugi enye kimwe ninzugi eshatu na eshanu (inzugi zinyuma zirazamuka), kandi imodoka za siporo ahanini ni imiryango ibiri.
Urugi rushobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bukurikira ukurikije uburyo bwo gufungura: Urugi rwa Cis: niyo imodoka ikora, irashobora gufungwa numuvuduko wumuyaga uhumeka, ukaba ufite umutekano, kandi byoroshye umushoferi kugeza kwitegereza inyuma mugihe uhindutse, nuko ikoreshwa cyane. Hindura umuryango ufunguye: iyo imodoka igenda, niba idafunze cyane, irashobora gutwarwa numuyaga uje, bityo ikoreshwa gake, kandi muri rusange ikoreshwa gusa murwego rwo kunoza uburyo bwo kugenda no kugenda. bisi kandi ibereye murubanza rwo kwakira ikinyabupfura. Urugi rwimodoka itambitse urugi rugendanwa: ibyiza byayo nuko rushobora gukingurwa byuzuye mugihe intera iri hagati yurukuta rwuruhande rwumubiri n'inzitizi ari nto. Hejuru ya hatchdoor: Ikoreshwa cyane nkumuryango winyuma wimodoka na bisi zoroheje, ariko kandi ikoreshwa mumodoka nto. Urugi ruzengurutse: Irakoreshwa cyane muri bisi nini nini nini. Urugi rwimodoka rusanzwe rugizwe nibice bitatu: umubiri wumuryango, ibikoresho byumuryango hamwe nicyapa cyimbere. Umubiri wumuryango ugizwe nisahani yimbere, imodoka hanze yicyapa cyumuryango, ikadirishya cyumuryango, urugi rukomeza urumuri hamwe nisahani ikomeza urugi. Ibikoresho byo kumuryango birimo inzugi zumuryango, inzugi zifungura inzugi, uburyo bwo gufunga umuryango hamwe nimbere yimbere ninyuma, ikirahure cyumuryango, kuzamura ibirahuri hamwe na kashe. Isahani yimbere imbere igizwe nisahani ikosora, isahani yibanze, uruhu rwimbere hamwe nintoki imbere. Urugi rushobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bukurikira ukurikije uburyo bwo gukora: urugi rwibanze: isahani yimbere ninyuma ikozwe mubyuma byose nyuma yo gutera kashe, igiciro cyambere cyo gushora imari muburyo bwo gukora ni kinini, ariko ibikoresho bya gage bijyanye. irashobora kugabanuka ukurikije, kandi igipimo cyo gukoresha ibikoresho kiri hasi. Urugi rugabanyijemo: ukoresheje urugi rwimodoka yimodoka hamwe nintebe yimbere yimbere ninyuma isahani irasudira, inteko yumuryango irashobora gukorwa mukuzunguruka, igiciro kiri hasi, umusaruro uri hejuru, igiciro rusange kijyanye nigiciro kiri hasi, ariko nyuma kugenzura ibiciro birarenze, kandi inzira yo kwizerwa irakennye. Itandukaniro riri hagati yumuryango wuzuye nugucamo ibice mugiciro rusange ntabwo ari kinini cyane, cyane cyane ukurikije ibisabwa byerekana icyitegererezo kugirango umenye imiterere yimiterere. Bitewe nibisabwa cyane murwego rwo kwerekana imiterere yimodoka no gukora neza, imiterere rusange yumuryango ikunda gucamo ibice. 2 2. Ntabwo hagomba kubaho umwanya wo kubangamira ibindi bice mugihe cyo gufungura; 3, umuryango ugomba gufungwa byizewe mugihe ufunze, ntuzafungura mumodoka; 4, uburyo bwumuryango bugenzura inyuma, harimo umuryango kubuntu, itara ryo guterura ibirahure, nibindi.; 5, ibisabwa byiza byo gushiraho ikimenyetso; 6, hamwe nubuso bunini bubonerana, kugirango bujuje ibisabwa byerekanwe kuruhande; 7, kugira imbaraga zihagije no gukomera kugirango imirimo yizewe yumuryango, igabanye kunyeganyega igice cyumuryango, kunoza umutekano wimpanuka yimodoka, kubuza umuryango kurohama; 8, urugi rwiza rwo gukora, inzira yo guterana. 1, icyapa cyumuryango wimodoka: 0,6 ~ 0.8mm urupapuro rworoshye; 2, urugi rukomeza urumuri: ni ukuvuga urugi rwo kurwanya kugongana, hari ifunga ryuruziga ruzengurutse, ariko kandi kashe yerekana ibyuma bikomeye; 3, isahani yimbere yumuryango: isahani yingenzi yingoboka, ariko kandi umugereka wumuryango wumubiri wububiko, mubisanzwe ukoresheje icyuma cyoroshye cyane. Ifite ibintu bikurikira: (1) bigomba gukurwa hanze yimbitse kugirango bibe umuryango wijimye; . (3) Kurandura utubari dutandukanye two gushimangira kunoza ubukana no kugabanya kunyeganyega n urusaku. 4, urugi rukomeza isahani: umubiri wumuryango ukomezwa igice kandi ugashyirwaho. . . . 5, idirishya ryumuryango: ahanini ukoresheje urupapuro ruto rwerekana kashe cyangwa kuzunguruka. Ingingo z'ingenzi ugomba gusuzuma mu gice cyimiterere yidirishya ryimiterere: (1) Guhuza neza hamwe nurwego rwumuryango kuruhande rwumubiri; . (3) Kuzuza ibisabwa byo guterura ibirahuri; (4) Ubukomezi bwikadirishya ubwacyo, gifite ingaruka zikomeye kuri kashe; (5) Imiterere yo guhuza ikadiri yidirishya hamwe nisahani yimbere ninyuma. Igenzura ryumuryango mushya wimodoka, tugomba mbere na mbere kureba niba umupaka wumuryango mushya wimodoka ufite uduce duto, hanyuma tukareba niba inkingi ya A, inkingi B, na C inkingi yimodoka nshya ifite ibibazo, ariko tunareba niba the prism yumupaka mushya wimodoka ifite ruswa, dore ahantu byoroshye cyane kunyura, kuko abantu benshi bakingura urugi, bazahita bakubita inzitizi zikikije umubiri, Rero bizatera ingese mumarangi ya prismatic. Igenzura ryumuryango wimodoka nshya, mugenzuzi rishya ryimodoka kugirango turusheho kwitondera prism yo kugenzura urugi rushya rwimodoka nubwo atari ngombwa nkugenzura ihererekanyabubasha, ariko ntirushobora kwirengagizwa, erega, niba umuryango wimodoka nshya udafunze neza, bigatuma amazi yatemba iyo imvura iguye, cyangwa niba yarabaye imodoka yimpanuka, ntabwo yihebye cyane. Ubugenzuzi iyo umuryango wimodoka nshya ufunze: Reba niba icyuho cyimpande zombi zumuryango wimodoka nshya cyoroshye, cyoroshye, kimeze kimwe, kandi niba gikwiye kiri kurwego rumwe, kuko niba umuryango ari ushyizwemo nibibazo, birashoboka ko umuryango uri hejuru cyangwa munsi kurenza kurundi ruhande rwumuryango. Usibye kureba neza, iyi ntambwe igomba no gukorwaho n'intoki. Icya kabiri, ubugenzuzi iyo umuryango mushya wimodoka ufunguye: Reba niba umurongo wa reberi kumuryango wimodoka nshya na A-nkingi na B-nkingi yimodoka nshya nibisanzwe, kuko niba umurongo wa reberi washyizweho nabi, gufunga inshuro nyinshi no gusohora umuryango bizatera ihinduka rya reberi ya reberi kumpande zombi. Muri ubu buryo, ubukana bwimodoka nshya ntibuzaba bwiza cyane, kandi birashobora gutuma amazi asukwa mumodoka nshya iyo imvura iguye. Icya gatatu, kugenzura umuryango wimodoka nshya bigomba no gusuzuma neza niba ibice biri imbere ya A-nkingi yimodoka nshya bishushanyije bisanzwe kandi niba imigozi ikomeye. Ntabwo gusa imigozi hano, mubyukuri, imigozi muri buri mwanya wimodoka nshya igomba kugenzurwa neza. 4. Hindura buri rugi inshuro nyinshi, wumve niba inzira yo guhinduranya yoroshye kandi karemano, kandi niba hari ijwi ridasanzwe. Inama ya gicuti: Mugihe ibikorwa byo kugenzura umuryango mushya wimodoka, tugomba gusubiramo inshuro nyinshi, kureba ibyerekezo byinshi, amaboko, kugirango tubone ikibazo. Igenzura rishya ryimodoka ntirigomba gutinya ibibazo, kandi kugenzura umuryango mushya wimodoka ntibishobora kugaragara gusa mumuryango, kugeza kumiryango ine yimodoka nshya birakorwa cyane, kugirango ubuziranenge bugere kurwego runini.
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