Isesengura ry'imiterere y'urugi rw'imbere.
Urubaho rw'inzugi z'imodoka ni igice cy'ingenzi cy'ibice by'imbere by'imodoka, biri imbere mu muryango w'imodoka, hari imbere na nyuma y'ingingo, hakurikijwe urukurikirane rw'imodoka zitandukanye kandi zitandukanye, akenshi inzugi ebyiri n'inzugi enye, ibi bice byose byitwa urukurikirane rw'urubaho rw'inzugi. Hariho uruhande rw'imbere n'urw'inyuma, ariko imiterere n'imiterere y'urubaho rw'imbere n'urw'inyuma biratandukanye mu miterere itandukanye y'imodoka, uruhande rw'inzugi rusanzwe ni uruhande rw'inzugi, kandi hari uruhande rw'inzugi zigabanyijemo ibice.
Itandukaniro riri hagati y’urugi rw’inyongera n’urugi rw’inyongera ni uko ibice bya pulasitiki by’urugi rw’inyongera ari byose, kandi urugi rw’inyongera rugabanyijemo ibice bitatu iyo igishushanyo cy’urugi rw’inyongera cyakozwe, ibi bikaba bikunze kugaragara mu miterere y’ibice bya pulasitiki by’imodoka. Agasanduku k’urugi k’inyongera katangizwa muri iki gice ni urugi rw’inyongera rugabanyijemo ibice.
Icyapa cy'imbere cy'urugi kirimo: icyapa cy'imbere cy'urugi rw'ibumoso n'iburyo, icyapa cy'ibumoso n'iburyo cy'urugi rw'inyuma, kandi imodoka zimwe na zimwe zifite icyapa cy'inyuma cy'urugi. Inshingano nyamukuru y'icyapa cy'urugi ni ugupfuka icyapa cy'icyuma cy'urugi, gutanga isura nziza, no guhuza imiterere, ihumure, imikorere n'uburyo bworoshye. Gutanga uburinzi bukwiye bwo kwinjiza ingufu mu gihe cy'impanuka, no gutanga uburyo bwo kurinda urusaku rwo hanze.
Icyapa cyoroshye cyo kurinda umuryango kigizwe n'igice cy'umurinzi w'umuryango hamwe n'ibice by'ingenzi bikora: ikiganza cy'imbere, agakoresho ko gufatiraho ukuboko, isakoshi y'amakarita, switch yo guterura ikirahure n'ibindi. Ubu bwoko bw'umurinzi w'umuryango muri rusange bukunze kugaragara mu modoka zihendutse n'amakamyo. Ubu bwoko bw'igice cy'umurinzi w'umuryango bukunze kuba bukozwe mu injection.
(1) Icyapa cyo kurinda umubiri w'umuryango
Igice cyo hasi cy'icyuma gikingira umuryango, gikunze gukoreshwa nk'inkingi y'icyuma gikingira umuryango, gihuza kandi kigashyiraho ibindi bice by'icyuma gikingira umuryango, kandi cyakozwe mu buryo bw'ibanze bwo gushyiramo icyuma cy'imbere cy'icyuma gikingira umuryango. Ubusanzwe gikozwe mu buryo bwo gushingwa, gisaba gukomera no gukomera bihagije kugira ngo gikomeze imiterere y'icyuma gikingira umuryango. Aho gishyirwa hagomba gukwirakwizwa kimwe. Igice cyo hejuru cy'icyuma gikingira umuryango gikunze kugabanywamo ibice bikomeye n'ibyoroshye.
(1) Isahani ikomeye yo kurinda hejuru ikoreshwa mu buryo bwo gushushanya. (Niba nta byangombwa byihariye byo gushushanya, gutandukanya amabara n'ibikoresho, ishobora no gukorwamo ikintu cyose hamwe n'umurinzi w'umuryango).
(2) Isahani yo hejuru yoroshye irinda ubusanzwe igizwe n'uruhu (igitambaro gikozwe mu mwenda, uruhu cyangwa uruhu), urwego rw'ifuro n'amagufwa. Uburyo uruhu rukora bushobora kuba ubwo gukora isuku cyangwa gusiga irangi ry'intoki, kandi imodoka zo hagati n'izo hejuru zifite isura nziza nk'imirongo y'uruhu n'imfuruka zizengurutse akenshi ziba zirimo isuku cyangwa iy'ibumba.
(2) isahani yo gushyiramo
Urupapuro rukoreshwa mu gutuma inkokora irembera kandi rworoshye cyane. Imiterere y’urupapuro igizwe n’ibice (imyenda iboshywe, uruhu cyangwa uruhu), uruvange rw’ifuro n’igikanka. Uruhu rw’urupapuro rukunze gupfukwa n’intoki, ariko hari n’uburyo bwo gukanda bushyushye no gukamura umwuka. Gukoresha uburyo bwihariye bishobora kugira ingaruka zidasanzwe, nko gukamura uruhu, kongeramo imigozi yo kudoda, nibindi. Udupira tw’urupapuro ahanini dukozwe mu buryo bwo gukamura cyangwa gukamura bushyushye, muri two hakaba harimo urupapuro rushyushye rwo gukamura ibiti cyangwa urupapuro rwa fibre rwa hemp ruhendutse kandi rworoshye, kandi rukoreshwa cyane mu modoka zo mu Buyapani.
(3) icyuma gifata imigozi
Imiterere y'urukiramende ishobora kugabanywamo urukiramende rw'ifatizo n'ubwoko butandukanye.
Imigozi ifatanye muri rusange ikorwa hamwe n'udupira two guhinduranya cyangwa udupira two gushyiramo. Ubu bwoko bw'imigozi ni bworoshye kandi buto mu miterere, buhendutse, bworoshye kandi bwizewe mu kuyishyiraho, kandi muri rusange ni bwo bukundwa cyane.
Urukuta rw'inyuma rutandukanye, muri rusange bitewe n'ibikenewe mu kwerekana ibishushanyo, urukuta rw'inyuma rutandukanywa n'umubiri cyangwa igice cy'inyuma. Muri ubu buryo, hakenewe ubwizigirwa bwo hejuru mu gushyiraho, kandi ikiguzi kiriyongera cyane.
(4) Ikibaho cy'ikarita
Ahantu ho kubika ibintu mu gice cyo hasi cy'icyuma gikingira umuryango akenshi hitwa isakoshi y'ikarita, ikaba ari isakoshi isanzwe ikoreshwa mu ikarita n'imiterere yayo. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, hagaragaye ubwoko bushya bw'isakoshi zikoreshwa mu ikarita. Isakoshi ikoreshwa mu ikarita ishobora guhaza ibisabwa mu kubika ibintu (isakoshi ikoreshwa mu ikarita irashobora gufungurwa, ibintu byinshi bigashyirwa, kandi biroroshye gutwara ibintu), kandi ishobora guhaza ibisabwa mu bijyanye no gutunganya intebe.
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