1. Uburyo bw'imikorere bujyanye n'ikoranabuhanga ry'inzugi z'imodoka, cyane cyane imiterere y'urugi rwo hagati ruzunguruka rukoresha umupfundikizo w'inzira.
Tekiniki y'inyuma:
2. Muri iki gihe, imodoka nyinshi z’ubucuruzi cyangwa amavani zifite urugi rwo hagati rugenda rugana, kandi imigozi yo hagati igenda igana ku rugi rwo hagati igenda igana ku rundi ruhande isanzwe ishyizwe ku rukuta rwo ku ruhande rw’umubiri. Kugira ngo ushyireho umugozi wo hagati ugenda ugana ku rundi ruhande, ni ngombwa gushyiraho umuyoboro ufite uburebure bugera imbere n’inyuma y’umubiri w’imodoka ku rundi ruhande rw’umubiri no munsi y’ikirahure cyo ku ruhande rw’inyuma, kandi umugozi wo hagati ugenda ugana ku rundi ruhande ushyizwe mu muyoboro. Kubera ko umugozi wo hagati ugenda ugana ku rundi ruhande ugaragara neza ku rukuta rwo ku ruhande, biroroshye kwegeranya umukungugu no kwangirika bitewe n’imvura mu gihe cyo gukoresha imodoka, bigatuma umugozi wo hagati ugenda ugana ku rundi ruhande udagenda neza, bigatuma urugi rugenda rufunga kandi rugatanga ikarita. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ubusanzwe hakoreshwa igipfukisho. Shyiraho umugozi wo hagati ugenda ugana ku rundi ruhande kugira ngo ugere ku ntego yo guhisha umugozi wo hagati ugenda ugana ku rundi ruhande.
3. Ariko, igipfukisho gisanzwe gikunze gushyirwaho imigozi n'uduti ku gice cyo hanze cy'urukuta. Nyuma y'uko igipfukisho gifashwe, ibice bisigaye by'imbere bishyirwa mu modoka (uburyo bwo kuyikuraho ni ubutandukanye). Igice cyo hejuru cy'urugi rwo hagati rugenda runyerera kirahishe, kandi biragoye gufungwa no gukurwaho mu gihe cyo kuyishyiraho. Icya kabiri, hagomba gukorwa imiterere y'igipfukisho ku rukuta rwo hanze rw'urukuta. Iyo igice cyo hejuru gihagaritswe, ishusho y'igice cyo hanze cy'urukuta rwo ku ruhande izahinduka cyane kandi ubwiza bw'imodoka yose buzagabanuka. Muri icyo gihe, amwe mu mamoderi ntakenera igice cyo hejuru cy'urukuta, bityo nta mpamvu yo kubika imiterere y'igice cyo hejuru cy'urukuta rwo ku ruhande. Kubera iyo mpamvu, igice cyo hanze cy'urukuta rwo ku ruhande gifite ibipimo bibiri, bikongera ikiguzi cyo gufungura igice cyo hanze cy'urukuta rwo ku ruhande gusa, ariko kandi ntibifasha gucunga ibice.
Ibice byo gushyira mu bikorwa tekiniki:
4. Ukurikije inenge zavuzwe haruguru z’ubu buryo bwabanje, ikibazo cya tekiniki kigomba gukemurwa n’ubu buryo bw’ingirakamaro ni iki: uburyo bwo gushyiraho imiterere y’urugi rwo hagati ruzunguruka kugira ngo kunoze uburyo bwo gushyiraho uruziga rwo hagati ruzunguruka kugira ngo ruhishe inzira zo hagati zizunguruka. Biragoye cyane gufunga no gukuraho, kandi biroroshye guhinduranya niba hari uruziga, kandi nta mpamvu yo kubika imiterere y’uruziga ku rundi ruhande.
5. Kugira ngo ikibazo cya tekiniki cyavuzwe haruguru gikemuke, icyitegererezo cy’ibikorwa remezo cyakoresheje gahunda ya tekiniki ikurikira:
6. Imiterere y'urugi rwo hagati rushyirwamo umupfundikizo w'urugi rugenda rugana hagati, rugizwe n'igice cyo hanze cy'urukuta, igice cy'umupfundikizo gishyizwe ku gice cyo hanze cy'urukuta rwo ku ruhande, n'igice cyo hejuru cy'umupfundikizo w'urukuta. Ibice byinshi byo gufunga bifatanye mu buryo bugororotse ku ntera imwe mu cyerekezo cy'uburebure, kandi imyobo yo gushyiramo n'imyobo yo gufunga ifunguka ku buso bwa buri gice cyo gufunga; igice cyo gupfundikizo kigizwe n'ibice bibiri, igice cya mbere cy'umupfundikizo gifite imiterere y'igishishwa cy'urukiramende, naho icya kabiri. Igice gifite imiterere isa n'igishishwa cya trapezoidal, impera imwe y'igice cya mbere cy'umupfundikizo iragoswe imbere kugira ngo ikore igice cyoroshye, impera yindi y'igice cya mbere cy'umupfundikizo ifatanye neza n'igice cya kabiri cy'umupfundikizo, kandi ubuso bw'imbere bw'igice cya mbere cy'umupfundikizo bushyizweho umurongo. Hariho udupfundikizo duhuye n'aho imyobo iherereye, kandi udupfundikizo dutondetse hafi y'igice cyoroshye; Inkingi yo gushyiramo ijyanye n'aho umwe mu mwobo ushyirwamo uherereye irashyirwa ku buso bw'imbere bw'igice cya mbere cy'icyuma gipfuka, kandi umurambararo w'inkingi yo gushyiramo uhuye n'umurambararo w'umwobo ushyirwamo kandi ushyirwa mu mwobo ushyirwamo, kugira ngo hagabanywe urwego rwo hejuru no hasi, imbere n'inyuma rw'icyuma gipfuka; agapfuka gashyirwa ku buso bw'icyuma gipfuka ku rukuta rw'inyuma mu cyerekezo cyo kwagura igice cy'umuhanda, kandi igice cy'icyuma gipfuka gifite ishusho ya Z, kandi ubuso bw'imbere bw'igice cya kabiri cy'icyuma gipfuka bufite agapfuka. Aho hantu hahuye n'igice gipfuka, kandi igice gipfuka kiri mu ishusho y'icyuma gipfuka, kugira ngo igice cya kabiri cy'icyuma gipfuka gishobore gushyirwaho ukoresheje igice gipfuka binyuze mu gapfuka.
7. Byongeye kandi, igice cyo ku ruhande gifatanye n'ubuso bw'agace k'uruziga gitangwa ku ntera itambitse ku buso bw'imbere bw'igice cya mbere cy'igipfundikizo.
8. Byongeye kandi, hari agakoresho ko gushyiramo ibintu ku buso bw'imbere bw'igice cya kabiri cy'isahani yo gupfuka, kugira ngo igice cya kabiri cy'isahani yo gupfuka gikomeze gukorana neza n'igice cyo hanze cy'uruhande kinyuze mu isahani yo gupfuka.
9. Byongeye kandi, icyuzuza ni siponji.
10. Byongeye kandi, igice cya mbere cy'isahani yo gupfuka n'igice cya kabiri cy'isahani yo gupfuka bigizwe n'uburyo bwo gushingwa.
11. Byongeye kandi, uduce twinshi two gufunga turi ku murongo umwe utambitse, kandi aho umugozi uherereye ni hasi ugereranije n'umurongo utambitse.
12. Byongeye kandi, shyira impera y'inkingi yo gushyiramo ibintu kure y'aho igipfundikizo giherereye kugira ngo habeho agace k'ubuyobozi.
13. Ugereranyije n'ubuhanga bwabanje, ingaruka nziza z'icyitegererezo cy'ubu buryo bw'ingirakamaro ni izi zikurikira:
14.1. Muri ubu buvumbuzi, icyapa cyo gupfuka n'icyapa cyo hanze cyo ku rukuta rw'inyuma bishyirwaho hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gufunga, buhindura uburyo bwo gufunga icyapa cyo gupfuka kiriho, kandi icyarimwe ntibikenewe kubika imiterere y'icyapa cyo gupfuka ku cyapa cyo hanze cyo ku rukuta rw'inyuma. Mu gushyiramo, shyiramo uduce two hanze tw'icyapa cyo ku rukuta mu gice cyo gufunga. Nyuma yo gufunga, inkingi yo gushyiramo izakomeza kureba umwobo wo gushyiramo. Kanda icyapa cyo gupfuka kugira ngo uduce duhuze n'imyobo y'umugozi, hanyuma icyapa cyo gupfuka n'icyapa cyo hanze cy'icyapa cyo ku rubavu birarangira. Icyapa kirakosorwa, bigabanya ingorane zo gushyiraho. Mu gihe cyo gusenya, icyapa cyo gupfuka kirakururwa kugira ngo gikuremo icyapa mu mwobo w'umugozi, ni ukuvuga ko gusenya icyapa cyo gupfuka birarangiye, kandi gukuraho icyapa cyo gupfuka birakoroha.
15.2. Imwe mu migozi (udukingirizo) twakoreshejwe mu gushyiraho icyapa cy’umupfundikizo cy’ubu buvumbuzi ishyizwe ku cyapa cy’inyuma cy’urukuta, naho ibindi bishyirwa ku migozi igenda ihindagurika. Iyo icyapa cy’umupfundikizo kidakenewe gushyirwaho, icyapa cy’inyuma cy’urukuta n’icyapa cy’umupfundikizo birahagarikwa. Biroroshye guhinduranya hagati y’icyapa cy’umupfundikizo n’ikidafite, kandi si ngombwa gushushanya icyapa cy’inyuma cy’urukuta ku ruhande ukwacyo iyo hari icyapa cy’umupfundikizo, ibyo bigabanya ikiguzi cyo gukora icyapa cy’inyuma cy’urukuta ku ruhande.
Ibisobanuro by'ibishushanyo
16. Kugira ngo intego, gahunda ya tekiniki n'ibyiza by'icyitegererezo cy'ibikorwa remezo bisobanuke neza, icyitegererezo cy'ibikorwa remezo bizasobanurwa mu buryo burambuye hepfo hamwe n'ibishushanyo mbonera biherekeje, aho:
17. Ishusho ya 1 ni igishushanyo mbonera cy'imiterere rusange y'icyitegererezo cy'ubu buryo bw'ingirakamaro;
18. Ishusho ya 2 ni imbonerahamwe y'ibishushanyo nyuma yo gukuraho icyapa cy'umupfundikizo mu Ishusho ya 1;
19. Ishusho ya 3 ni ishusho yagutse y'ahantu mu Ishusho ya 2;
20. Ishusho ya 4 ni igishushanyo mbonera cy'imiterere y'icyuma gipfuka umuriro mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga.
21. Ku ishusho: isahani yo hanze y'urukuta rwo ku ruhande 1, igice cy'umuhanda wa slide 2, isahani yo gupfuka 3, agace ko gufunga 4, igice cyo kunama 31, agace ko gufunga 32, inkingi yo gushyiramo 33, igice cyo gufunga 34, igice cyo ku ruhande 35, umwobo wo gushyiramo 41, umurongo Umwobo 42, umugozi 5.
Uburyo burambuye
22. Uburyo bw'ubu bw'ingirakamaro buzasobanurwa birambuye hepfo hamwe n'ibishushanyo mbonera biherekeje.
23. Nkuko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 1 kugeza kuri 4, imiterere yo gushyiraho umupfundikizo w'urugi rwo hagati ruzunguruka muri ubu buryo bwihariye ikubiyemo icyapa cy'inyuma cy'urukuta rwo ku ruhande 1 n'umubiri w'umupfundikizo 2 ushyizwe ku cyapa cy'inyuma cy'urukuta rwo ku ruhande, n'icyapa cy'umupfundikizo 3 cyo kurinda umubiri w'umupfundikizo, ibice byinshi byo gufunga 4 bifatanye mu buryo buhagaze hejuru y'umubiri w'umupfundikizo uzunguruka ku ntera zingana mu cyerekezo cyawo, kandi ubuso bwa buri gice cyo gufunga bufite umwobo wo gushyiramo 41 n'umwobo w'umurongo 42; Icyapa 3 kigizwe n'ibice bibiri. Igice cya mbere cy'icyapa cyo gupfundikizo gifite imiterere isa n'igikonoshwa cy'urukiramende, naho igice cya kabiri cy'icyapa cyo gupfundikizo gifite imiterere isa n'igikonoshwa cya trapezoidal. Impera imwe y'igice cya mbere cy'icyapa cyo gupfundikizo iragoramye imbere kugira ngo ikore igice cyoroshye 31 cyo gupfundikizo cy'umubiri w'umupfundikizo. Indi mpera y'igice cya mbere cy'icyuma gipfuka ifatanye neza n'igice cya kabiri cy'icyuma gipfuka, kandi ubuso bw'imbere bw'igice cya mbere cy'icyuma gipfuka bushyirwaho uduce 32 duhuye n'aho imyobo 42 iri, kandi uduce dushyirwa hafi y'igice gikonje. Ubwisanzure bw'icyerekezo cya y (ni ukuvuga ubugari bw'umubiri w'imodoka) bugengwa n'uduce turi ku gipfuka tuba dufatiwe mu myobo y'icyuma. Kugira ngo hagabanywe ubwisanzure bw'icyerekezo cya x (ni ukuvuga icyerekezo cy'imbere cy'umubiri w'imodoka) n'urwego rw'ubwisanzure bw'icyerekezo cya z (ni ukuvuga icyerekezo cyo hejuru no hasi cy'umubiri w'imodoka), inkingi 33 ijyanye n'aho imwe mu myobo ishyirwa iraboneka ku buso bw'imbere bw'igice cya mbere cy'icyuma gipfuka. Ubugari bw'inkingi buhuye n'ubugari bw'umwobo ushyirwamo kandi bushyirwa mu mwobo ushyirwamo kugira ngo bugabanye ubwisanzure bw'icyerekezo cya x n'ubwisanzure bw'icyerekezo cya z cy'icyuma gipfuka. Agapfunyika ka 5 gapfunyitse ku buso bw'urukuta rwo hanze rwa 1 mu cyerekezo cyagutse cy'umubiri w'uruziga rwo kuzunguruka. Igice cyambukiranya agapfunyika kiri mu ishusho ya Z. Igice cy'imbere cy'igice cya kabiri cy'agapfunyika gifite igice cya 34 gihuye n'aho agapfunyika gaherereye. Igice cyo gupfunyika kiri mu ishusho y'agapfunyika, kugira ngo igice cya kabiri cy'agapfunyika gishobore gushyirwa mu cyerekezo cya x binyuze mu gushyira igice cyo gupfunyika mu gice cyo gupfunyika.
24. Muri ubu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga, icyapa cyo gupfuka n'icyapa cyo hanze cyo ku ruhande bishyirwaho hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo guhuza, buhindura uburyo icyapa cyo gupfuka gifashwe.
Si ngombwa kubika imiterere y'icyuma gipfuka ku gice cyo hanze cy'urukuta rwo ku ruhande. Mu gihe ugishyiraho, shyiramo uduce dupfuka ku gice cyo hanze cy'icyuma gipfuka mu gice gipfuka. Nyuma yo gupfuka, inkingi yo gushyiramo izakomeza kureba umwobo wo gushyiramo. Kanda ku gice cyo hejuru kugira ngo uduce duhuze n'imyobo yo hasi, hanyuma igice cyo hejuru n'igice cyo hejuru cy'icyuma gipfuka birarangira. Igikoresho kirakosorwa, bigabanya ingorane zo gushyiraho. Mu gihe ugikuraho, igice cyo hejuru kirakururwa kugira ngo gikuremo agace mu mwobo wo hasi, ni ukuvuga ko gupfuka icyuma gipfuka birarangiye, kandi gukuraho agace ko hejuru birakoroha.
25. Shyira agapfunyika ku gice cyo hanze cy’urubaho rw’inyuma n’agapfunyika ku gice cyo hanze cy’urubaho rw’inyuma. Iyo udakeneye gushyiraho agapfunyika, ushobora guhagarika agapfunyika k’agapfunyika ku gice cyo hanze cy’urubaho rw’inyuma n’agapfunyika, ibyo bikaba byoroshye niba hari agapfunyika cyangwa nta gapfunyika. Guhinduranya hagati y’udupfunyika bikuraho gushushanya agapfunyika k’inyuma k’urubaho rw’inyuma mu gihe hari agapfunyika, bityo bikagabanya ikiguzi cyo gukora agapfunyika k’urubaho rw’inyuma rw’urubaho rw’inyuma.
26. By’umwihariko, igice cya mbere cy’isahani yo gupfuka n’igice cya kabiri cy’isahani yo gupfuka bigizwe n’uburyo bwo gupfuka inshinge.
27. Kugira ngo byorohereze gushyira inkingi ya 33 mu mwobo wa 41, impera y'inkingi ya 33 iri kure y'icyapa cy'umupfundikizo irashwanyagurika kugira ngo ikore uruziga ruyobora.
28. Dukurikije Ishusho ya 4, nyuma y’uko icyuma gipfuka 3 gishyizwe kugira ngo gitwikire igice cy’icyuma gipfuka 2 hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gufunga, kugira ngo icyuma gipfuka gitangire neza iyo gipfukanywe kandi kidafunguka. Igice gipfuka 35 gipfukanywe n’igice cy’icyuma gipfukanywe. Muri ubu buryo, igice gipfukanywe gipfukanywe n’igice cyo hagati cy’icyuma gipfukanywe mu gihe cyo gushyiraho, kugira ngo icyuma gipfukanywe gitangire neza iyo gipfukanywe.
29. Dukurikije Ishusho ya 2, kugira ngo harusheho kubaho umutekano w'icyuma gipfuka igihe gipfukanywe, hari uduce twinshi two gupfukanywera 4 duherereye ku murongo umwe utambitse, kandi aho agapfukanywera 5 gaherereye ku gice cyo hanze cy'urukuta rwo ku ruhande 1 kari munsi y'umurongo utambitse. Muri ubu buryo, igice cya mbere cy'icyuma gipfukanywera n'aho agapfukanywera gapfukanywera, n'igice cya kabiri cy'icyuma gipfukanywera n'aho agapfukanywera k'igice cyo hanze cy'urukuta rwo ku ruhande birahurirana, kandi uburyo bwo gushyiramo agapfukanywerano burushaho gukomera.
30. Kugira ngo igice cya kabiri cy'urukuta rw'umupfundikizo gifatanye neza n'igice cy'inyuma cy'urukuta rwo ku ruhande, icyitegererezo cy'ingirakamaro gihabwa kandi agakoresho ko kwiyuzuriza imbere mu gice cya kabiri cy'urukuta rw'umupfundikizo, kugira ngo igice cya kabiri cy'urukuta rw'umupfundikizo n'igice cy'inyuma cy'urukuta rwo ku ruhande bikomeze binyure mu gikoresho cyo kwiyuzuriza neza kugira ngo hirindwe icyuho kiri hagati y'ibyo byombi. Igikoresho cyo kwiyuzuriza gishobora kuba ifuro, iponji, cyangwa ibindi nk'ibyo.
31. Hanyuma, ni ngombwa kumenya ko ibikubiye haruguru bikoreshwa gusa mu kugaragaza ibisubizo bya tekiniki by'icyitegererezo cy'ubu buryo bw'imikorere kandi ntibigamije kugabanya imipaka. Nubwo iki gishushanyo cy'imikorere cyasobanuwe hashingiwe ku buryo bw'imikorere bwakunze gukoreshwa bw'ubu buryo bw'imikorere, abafite ubuhanga busanzwe mu buhanga bagomba gusobanukirwa ko impinduka zitandukanye mu miterere n'ibisobanuro bishobora gukorwamo hatabayeho kuva ku ntego n'aho ubu buryo bw'imikorere buherereye nk'uko bisobanurwa n'ibikubiye mu ngingo.
