Igiciro cy'uruganda SAIC MAXUS T60 C00021134 Umutwe w'umupira w'intoki uzunguruka

igitekerezo

Imiterere isanzwe yo guhagarara igizwe n'ibintu biremereye, uburyo bwo kuyobora, ibintu bigabanya impanuka, nibindi, kandi bimwe mu bikoresho bifite ibiziba by'ubuhumekero, imigozi ihamye, nibindi. Ibintu biremereye biri mu ishusho y'amasoko y'amababi, amasoko y'umwuka, amasoko y'imigozi, n'amasoko y'imigozi. Imigozi igezweho yo guhagarara ikoresha cyane cyane amasoko y'imigozi n'imigozi iremereye, kandi zimwe mu modoka zigezweho zikoresha amasoko y'umwuka.

Imikorere y'igice:

icyuma gifata impanuka

Imikorere: Imashini ifata umuyaga ni yo ikora imbaraga zo guhumeka. Imirimo yayo ni ukugabanya vuba umuvuduko w'imodoka, kunoza uburyo imodoka igenda, no kongera uburyo ifatana hagati y'uruziga n'ubutaka. Byongeye kandi, imashini ifata umuyaga ishobora kugabanya umutwaro w'igice cy'umubiri, yongere igihe cyo gukora. Imashini ifata umuyaga ikoreshwa cyane mu modoka ni imashini ifata umuyaga yo mu bwoko bwa silindiri, kandi imiterere yayo ishobora kugabanywamo ubwoko butatu: ubwoko bwa silindiri ebyiri, ubwoko bwa silindiri imwe ifata umuyaga n'ubwoko bwa silindiri ebyiri ifata umuyaga. [2]

Ihame ry'imikorere: Iyo inziga isimbuka ikanamanuka, piston y'icyuma gifata umwuka ushyushye isubira mu cyumba cyo gukoreramo, ku buryo amazi y'icyuma gifata umwuka ushyushye anyura mu mwobo uri kuri piston, kuko amazi afite ubukana runaka kandi iyo amazi anyuze mu mwobo, aba ahuye n'urukuta rw'umwobo. Gucikamo ibice hagati yabyo, bityo ingufu za kinetic zihinduka ingufu z'ubushyuhe zikajugunywa mu kirere, kugira ngo bigere ku murimo wo kudahindura umwuka.

(2) Ibintu bikura neza

Imikorere: Gushyigikira umutwaro uhagaze, koroshya kandi bigakumira guhinda kw'imitingito n'ingaruka biterwa n'ubuso bw'umuhanda butaringaniye. Ibintu bikuranga birimo cyane cyane isoko y'amababi, isoko y'imirongo, isoko y'imirongo itwara umwuka, isoko y'umwuka n'isoko ya rubber, nibindi.

Ihame: Ibice bikozwe mu bikoresho bifite uburimbane bwinshi, iyo inziga ihuye n'ingaruka zikomeye, ingufu za kinetiki zihinduka ingufu zishoboka zo gukurura hanyuma zikabikwa, hanyuma zikarekurwa iyo inziga imanuka cyangwa igarutse ku miterere yayo ya mbere.

(3) Uburyo bwo kuyobora

Inshingano z'uburyo bwo kuyobora ni ugutanga imbaraga n'umwanya, ndetse no kugira uruhare mu kuyobora. Mu gihe imodoka igenda, inzira y'amapine irashobora kugenzurwa.

ingaruka

Guhagarika imodoka ni ingenzi mu guteranya imodoka, ihuza neza umugozi n'amapine, kandi ifitanye isano n'imikorere itandukanye y'imodoka. Urebye inyuma, guhagarika imodoka bigizwe n'inkoni, imiyoboro n'amasoko gusa, ariko ntutekereze ko byoroshye cyane. Ahubwo, guhagarika imodoka ni ihuriro ry'imodoka bigoye kuzuza ibisabwa byose, kuko guhagarika byombi ni ngombwa kugira ngo bihuze n'ibisabwa kugira ngo imodoka ihumure, kandi ibi bintu bibiri biratandukanye. Urugero, kugira ngo ugere ku ituze ryiza, ni ngombwa ko imodoka igabanya cyane umuvuduko wayo, bityo isoko igomba kuba yoroshye, ariko isoko ni yo yoroshye, ariko biroroshye gutuma imodoka ifunga "gutitira", yihutishe "umutwe" hanyuma ikazunguruka cyane ibumoso n'iburyo. Uburyo imodoka ikoresha ntibufasha kuyobora imodoka, kandi biroroshye gutuma imodoka idahagarara neza.

guhagarika akazi mu buryo butari ubwa leta

Imiterere y'iyi mashini idakora ku giti cye ni uko amapine ku mpande zombi ahujwe n'umuzingo ufatanye, kandi amapine hamwe n'umuzingo bimanikwa munsi y'umuzingo cyangwa umubiri w'ikinyabiziga binyuze mu guhagarara kwa elastic. Iyi mashini idakora ku giti cye ifite ibyiza byo kuba ifite imiterere yoroshye, ihendutse, ikomeye cyane, ikora neza, ndetse n'impinduka nto mu mikorere y'amapine y'imbere mu gihe cyo kuyitwara. Ariko, bitewe nuko idakora neza kandi idahindagurika, ntabwo ikikoreshwa mu modoka zigezweho, ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu makamyo na bisi.

Isoko ry'amababi ridafite aho ribogamiye

Isoko ry'amababi rikoreshwa nk'ikintu cyoroshye cyo gukurura imashini idakoresha ikoranabuhanga. Kubera ko inakora nk'uburyo bwo kuyobora, sisitemu yo gukurura imashini yoroshywa cyane.

Isoko ry'amababi maremare ritagengwa n'iry'imodoka rikoresha amasoko y'amababi nk'ibintu byoroshye kandi rishyizwe ku modoka riteganye n'umurongo w'imodoka mu gihe kirekire.

Ihame ry'imikorere: Iyo imodoka igenda mu muhanda utaringaniye igahura n'umutwaro w'impanuka, amapine ayobora umutambiko w'imodoka kugira ngo usimbuke, kandi impera y'amababi n'igice cyo hasi cy'umutambiko w'imodoka nabyo bizamuka icyarimwe. Kwiyongera k'uburebure mu gihe cyo kuzamura impera y'amababi bishobora guhuzwa no kwagura umugongo w'inyuma nta nkomyi. Kubera ko igice cyo hejuru cy'umutambiko w'imodoka kiba gihamye kandi igice cyo hasi kizamuka, bingana no gukora mu gihe gikonje, kandi ubwiyongere bw'amazi burongerwa kugira ngo bugabanye guhindagura. Iyo ingano y'umutambiko w'imodoka irenze intera iri hagati y'igice cy'imodoka n'igice cy'imodoka, igice cy'imodoka cy'imodoka gikorana kandi kigakandamizwa n'igice cy'imodoka. [2]

Ishyirwa mu byiciro: Ishyirwa mu byiciro ry’impande z’amababi maremare ritagenga rishobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri: imigabane y’impande z’amababi maremare idahuza, imigabane iringaniye n’imigabane y’impande z’amababi maremare idahuza. Ni ishyirwa mu byiciro ritagenga ritagenga rifite imigabane y’amababi maremare.

1. Isoko ry'amababi adafite ingano rihoraho ridafite aho rihuriye n'iry'inyuma

Isoko ry'amababi ritangana mu gihe cy'ubugari bw'amababi ritangana bivuga isuku aho intera iri hagati y'umugozi ufite ishusho ya U n'igice cyo hagati cy'amababi ku mpera zombi itangana iyo isoko ry'amababi ritangana n'umuzingo (ikiraro).

2. Guhagarika ikoreshwa ry'amafaranga

Guhagarika imodoka neza ni uguhagarika imodoka neza kugira ngo umutwaro uhagaze ku mapine ari ku mugozi uhujwe (axle) uhore ungana. Umurimo wo gukoresha guhagarara neza ni ukugira ngo amapine n'ubutaka bifatanye neza, umutwaro umwe, no kwemeza ko umushoferi ashobora kugenzura icyerekezo cy'imodoka kandi imodoka ikagira imbaraga zihagije zo kuyiyobora.

Dukurikije imiterere itandukanye, uburyo bwo guhagarara bushobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bubiri: ubwoko bw'inkoni yo gupfunyika n'ubwoko bw'ukuboko guzunguruka.

①Ifatizo ry'inkoni yo gukurura. Rikozwe n'umusenyi w'amababi uhagaze, kandi impera zaryo ebyiri zishyirwa mu gishyigikizo cy'icyuma gikurura hejuru y'agakoresho k'inyuma k'inkoni. Igice cyo hagati gishyizwe ku gikoresho cyo kuringaniza kinyuze mu migozi ifite ishusho ya U, kandi gishobora kuzenguruka ku mugozi wo kuringaniza, kandi umugozi wo kuringaniza ushyizwe ku mugozi w'ikinyabiziga unyuze mu gikoni. Impera imwe y'inkoni yo gukurura ishyizwe ku mugozi w'ikinyabiziga, naho indi mpera ihujwe n'umugozi. Inkoni yo gukurura ikoreshwa mu kohereza imbaraga zo gutwara, imbaraga zo gufunga n'imbaraga zo gusubiza zijyanye na byo.

Ihame ry'imikorere y'ingufu zo gusimbuza ni ikinyabiziga gifite imigozi myinshi kigenda mu muhanda utaringaniye. Iyo buri ruziga rukoresheje imiterere isanzwe ya plaque y'icyuma nk'ingufu, ntirushobora kwemeza ko amapine yose ahuye neza n'ubutaka, ni ukuvuga ko amapine amwe afite umuvuduko uhagaze. Umutwaro muto (cyangwa zeru) byagora umushoferi kugenzura icyerekezo cy'urugendo niba bibayeho ku mapine ayobora. Iyo bibayeho ku mapine ayobora, imbaraga zimwe na zimwe (niba atari zose) zizabura. Shyira umugozi wo hagati n'umugozi w'inyuma w'ikinyabiziga gifite imigozi itatu ku mpera ebyiri z'umugozi wo kuringaniza, kandi igice cyo hagati cy'umugozi wo kuringaniza gifatanye n'umugozi w'ikinyabiziga. Kubwibyo, amapine ari ku biraro bibiri ntashobora kuzamuka no kumanuka ukwayo. Iyo hari uruziga ruguye mu mwobo, urundi ruziga ruzamuka hejuru bitewe n'umugozi wo kuringaniza. Kubera ko amaboko y'umugozi wo kuringaniza afite uburebure bungana, umutwaro uhagaze ku mapine yombi uhora ungana.

Ingufu zo gusimbuza inkoni zikoreshwa ku mugozi w'inyuma w'imodoka ifite axle eshatu ya 6×6 idafite aho ihuriye n'umuhanda ndetse n'ikamyo ifite axle eshatu ya 6×4.

②Guhagarika ukuboko guhindagurika. Guhagarika hagati ku ruhande bikoresha imiterere y'umusenyi w'amababi maremare. Agakoresho k'inyuma gafatanye n'impera y'imbere y'ukuboko guhindagurika, mu gihe agakoresho k'inyuma ku ruhande gafatanye n'umusenyi. Impera y'inyuma y'ukuboko guhindagurika ifatanye n'impera y'inyuma y'imodoka.

Ihame ry'imikorere y'ingufu zo gusimbuza ukuboko ni uko imodoka iba itwaye mu muhanda utaringaniye. Iyo ikiraro cyo hagati kiguye mu mwobo, ukuboko gusimbuza kuzamanuka binyuze mu gasanduku k'inyuma hanyuma bizunguruke mu buryo bunyuranyije n'isaha bikikije umugozi w'ukusimbuza ukuboko. Ipine y'umugozi izazamuka. Ukuboko gusimbuza hano ni umugozi ukomeye, kandi igipimo cy'umutwaro uhagaze ku migozi yo hagati n'iy'inyuma giterwa n'igipimo cy'umutwaro w'ukusimbuza n'uburebure bw'imbere n'inyuma bw'umusozi w'amababi.

Imashini ihagarika uruziga idakoresha icyuma cyigenga

Kubera ko impera y'uruziga, nk'ikintu gifata neza, ishobora gutwara imizigo ihagaze gusa, uburyo bwo kuyobora n'icyuma gifata umuriro bigomba kongerwa kuri sisitemu yo guhagarika.

Igizwe n'amasoko y'imizingo, ibikoresho bigabanya impanuka, ibyuma bigabanya ibyuma, ibyuma bigabanya ibyuma, ibyuma bigabanya ibyuma n'ibindi bice. Imiterere y'imiterere ni uko amapine y'ibumoso n'iburyo ahujwe yose hamwe n'umugozi wose. Igice cyo hasi cy'icyuma gifata impanuka gishyirwa ku gishyigikizo cy'umuzingo w'inyuma, naho igice cyo hejuru gifatanye n'umubiri w'ikinyabiziga. Umuzingo w'imizingo ushyirwa hagati y'isoko yo hejuru n'intebe yo hepfo inyuma y'icyuma gifata impanuka. Igice cy'inyuma cy'icyuma gifata icyuma gifatanye n'umuzingo w'imbere gifatanye n'umuzingo w'ikinyabiziga. Igice kimwe cy'icyuma gifata icyuma gifatanye n'umuzingo w'ikinyabiziga gifatanye n'umuzingo w'ikinyabiziga, naho ikindi gice gifatanye n'umuzingo w'ikinyabiziga. Mu gihe gikora, isoko ifite umutwaro uhagaze, kandi imbaraga z'uburebure n'imbaraga z'uburebure zitwarwa n'ibyuma bigabanya ibyuma bigabanya ibyuma. Iyo inziga isimbutse, umuzingo wose uzenguruka impande z'icyuma gifata icyuma n'umuzingo w'inyuma ku mubiri w'ikinyabiziga. Ibyuma bya rubber ku ngingo zihuza bikuraho ingaruka zo kubangamira imikorere iyo umuzingo uzunguruka. Umuzingo w'imizingo udafite aho ubogamiye ukwiriye imodoka zitwara abagenzi.

Imashini ihagarika umwuka idakoresha ikoranabuhanga risanzwe

Iyo imodoka irimo kugenda, bitewe n'impinduka z'umuzigo n'ubuso bw'umuhanda, ubukana bw'imizigo bugomba guhinduka uko bikwiye. Imodoka zisabwa kugabanya uburebure bw'umubiri no kongera umuvuduko mu mihanda myiza; kongera uburebure bw'umubiri no kongera ubushobozi bwo kunyura mu mihanda mibi, bityo uburebure bw'umubiri bugomba guhindurwa hakurikijwe ibisabwa mu ikoreshwa. Imizigo idakoresha amashanyarazi ishobora kuzuza ibyo bisabwa.

Igizwe na kompreseri, ikigega cyo kubika umwuka, valve igenzura uburebure, isoko y'umwuka, inkoni yo kugenzura, nibindi. Byongeye kandi, hari ibikoresho bigabanya umuyaga, amaboko ayobora, n'imirongo yo ku ruhande. Isoko y'umwuka ishyirwa hagati y'umugozi (umubiri) n'umuzingo, kandi valve igenzura uburebure ishyirwa ku mubiri w'imodoka. Impera y'icyuma cya piston ihambiriwe n'ukuboko kwambukiranya inkoni yo kugenzura, naho impera y'ukuboko kwambukiranya ihambiriwe n'icyuma cyo kugenzura. Igice cyo hagati gishyigikiwe ku gice cyo hejuru cy'icyuma cyo kugenzura, naho impera yo hepfo y'icyuma cyo kugenzura ihambiriwe ku muzingo. Ibice bigize isoko y'umwuka bihuzwa hamwe binyuze mu miyoboro. Gazi ifite umuvuduko mwinshi iva muri kompreseri yinjira mu kigega cyo kubika umwuka binyuze mu gikoresho gitandukanya amavuta n'amazi n'icyuma gipima umuvuduko, hanyuma ikinjira mu kigega gipima uburebure binyuze mu kayunguruzo k'umwuka nyuma yo kuva mu kigega cyo kubika umwuka. Ikigega cyo kubika umwuka, ikigega cyo kubika umwuka gihuzwa n'amasoko y'umwuka kuri buri ruziga, bityo umuvuduko wa gazi muri buri soko y'umwuka wiyongera uko ingano y'umwuka wiyongera, kandi icyarimwe, umubiri uzamurwa kugeza igihe piston iri muri vali igenzura uburebure izerekeza kuri vali igenzura uburebure. Aho umwuka wuzuza umwuka w'imbere uhagarara hafunzwe. Nk'ikintu cyoroshye, isoko y'umwuka ishobora kugabanya umutwaro w'ingaruka ukora ku ruziga ruturutse ku muhanda iyo rwoherejwe ku mubiri w'imodoka binyuze mu mugongo. Byongeye kandi, umwuka uhagarara ushobora kandi guhindura uburebure bw'umubiri w'imodoka mu buryo bwikora. Piston iri hagati y'aho umwuka uhagarara n'aho umwuka uhagarara muri vali igenzura uburebure, kandi gazi iva muri tanki ibika umwuka mu kigega cyo kubika umwuka n'isoko y'umwuka, kandi izamura uburebure bw'umubiri w'imodoka. Iyo piston iri hejuru y'aho umwuka uhagarara muri vali igenzura uburebure, gazi iri mu isoko y'umwuka isubira ku murongo ugenzura uburebure bw'umwuka binyuze mu mugongo w'ikirere, kandi umuvuduko w'umwuka mu isoko y'umwuka uragabanuka, bityo uburebure bw'umubiri w'imodoka nabwo buragabanuka. Inkoni yo kugenzura n'ukuboko kwayo bigena aho piston iri muri vali igenzura uburebure.

Iyi stop yo mu kirere ifite ibyiza byinshi nko gutuma imodoka igenda neza, guterura imodoka ifite umurongo umwe cyangwa myinshi iyo bibaye ngombwa, guhindura uburebure bw'imodoka no kwangiza bike ku muhanda, nibindi, ariko kandi ifite imiterere igoye n'ibisabwa mu gufunga imodoka n'ibindi bidafite akamaro. Ikoreshwa mu modoka zitwara abagenzi, amakamyo, amakaravani n'izindi modoka zimwe na zimwe zitwara abagenzi.

Isoko rya peteroli na gaze ridafite aho ribogamiye

Isoko rikoresha amavuta n'umwuka ritagenga yerekeza ku isoko ritagenga iyo igice cya elastic gifata isoko rikoresha amavuta n'umwuka.

Igizwe n'amasoko ya peteroli na gaze, imigozi yo ku ruhande, imigozi yo ku ruhande, imigozi yo ku ruhande n'ibindi bice. Igice cyo hejuru cy'isoko y'amavuta n'umwuka gishyirwa ku gitereko cy'imodoka, naho igice cyo hasi gishyirwa ku gitereko cy'imbere. Impande z'ibumoso n'iburyo zikoresha inkoni yo ku ruhande rw'ibumoso kugira ngo ibe hagati y'umugozi w'imbere n'umugozi w'uburebure. Igitereko cyo hejuru n'icy'ibumoso gishyirwa ku mugozi w'imbere n'igice cy'imbere cy'umugozi w'uburebure. Ibitereko byo hejuru n'iby'epfo birema parallelogramu, ikoreshwa kugira ngo inguni y'icyuma ikomeze kuba idafite ihinduka iyo inziga izamuka kandi imanuka. Igitereko cyo ku ruhande rw'ibumoso gishyirwa ku mugozi w'ibumoso n'igice cy'iburyo cy'umugozi w'imbere. Hashyizweho agace k'ubuhumekero munsi y'imigozi ibiri y'uburebure. Kubera ko isoko y'amavuta n'umwuka ishyirwa hagati y'igitereko n'umugozi, nk'ikintu gifasha gukurura, ishobora koroshya imbaraga ziva ku ruziga iyo rwoherejwe ku gitereko, kandi icyarimwe ikagabanya guhindagurika gukurikiraho. Ibitereko byo hejuru n'iby'epfo bikoreshwa mu kohereza imbaraga ndende no kwihanganira igihe cyo gusubiza giterwa n'imbaraga zo gufunga. Inkoni zo mu ruhande zikoresha imbaraga zo mu ruhande.

Iyo isoko ya peteroli ikoreshwa ku ikamyo y’ubucuruzi ifite umutwaro munini, ingano n’uburemere bwayo biba bito ugereranije n’iy’isoko y’amababi kandi ifite imiterere ihindagurika, ariko ikenera cyane kugira ngo ifungwe kandi ikomeze kumererwa neza. Isoko rya peteroli rikoreshwa ku makamyo y’ubucuruzi rifite umutwaro uremereye.

Itangazamakuru ryigenga rya Suspension

Guhagarika byigenga bivuze ko amapine yo ku mpande zombi ahagarara ukwayo ku gitereko cyangwa ku mubiri hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo guhagarara bugezweho. Ibyiza byayo ni: uburemere bworoshye, kugabanya ingaruka ku mubiri, no kunoza uburyo amapine agumana hasi; amasoko yoroshye afite ubukana buto ashobora gukoreshwa mu kunoza ihumure ry'imodoka; aho moteri iherereye hashobora kugabanuka, kandi hagati y'uburemere bw'imodoka na ho hashobora kugabanuka, bityo bikanoza uburyo imodoka ihagaze neza; amapine y'ibumoso n'iburyo asimbuka yigenga kandi ntaho ahuriye, ibyo bishobora kugabanya kugorama no guhindagura kw'umubiri w'imodoka. Ariko, guhagarika byigenga bifite ingaruka mbi z'imiterere igoye, ihenze cyane kandi ntibigire ingaruka nziza ku isuku. Imodoka nyinshi zigezweho zikoresha uburyo bwo guhagarara bwigenga. Dukurikije imiterere itandukanye, guhagarara kwigenga bishobora kugabanywamo uduce duto two guhagarara twitwa "wishbone suspensions", "trailing arm suspensions", "multi-link suspensions", "builder suspensions", na "MacPherson suspensions".

igufwa ry'ubushake

Guhagarika amaboko birenga bivuga guhagarara kwigenga aho amapine azunguruka mu ndege irenga y'imodoka. Bigabanyijemo kabiri guhagarara amaboko abiri n'igice kimwe bitewe n'umubare w'amaboko arenga.

Ubwoko bw'igufwa rimwe rifite ibyiza byo kuba imiterere yoroshye, hagati hanini kandi ubushobozi bukomeye bwo kurwanya guhindagurika. Ariko, hamwe n'ubwiyongere bw'umuvuduko w'imodoka zigezweho, hagati hanini cyane hazahindura cyane inzira y'amapine iyo amapine asimbutse, kandi ubusaza bw'amapine buziyongera. Byongeye kandi, imbaraga zihagaze z'amapine y'ibumoso n'iburyo zizaba nini cyane mu gihe cyo guhindukira cyane, bigatuma amapine y'inyuma yiyongera. Ubukana bw'uruziga rw'inyuma buragabanuka, bigatera ingorane zikomeye zo gutembera ku mugongo cyane. Igufwa rimwe ridafite igufwa rikoreshwa cyane mu guhagarara inyuma, ariko kubera ko ridashobora kuzuza ibisabwa mu gutwara ku muvuduko mwinshi, ntabwo rikoreshwa cyane muri iki gihe.

Ingufu zo kwihagararaho zigizwe n’ingufu ebyiri zitagira uburebure bungana n’ingufu ebyiri zitagira uburebure bungana bitewe n’uko amaboko yo hejuru n’ayo hasi angana. Ingufu ebyiri zitagira uburebure bungana zishobora gutuma uruziga rugumana imiterere ihoraho iyo inziga izamuka kandi imanuka, ariko ishingiro ry’ingufu rihinduka cyane (nk’uko izunguruka rimwe rigenda rigacika), ibyo bigatuma amapine acika cyane, kandi ntabwo ikoreshwa cyane muri iki gihe. Ku izunguruka ritagira uburebure bungana, igihe cyose uburebure bw’ingufu zo hejuru n’izo hasi butoranijwe neza kandi bunoze, kandi binyuze mu buryo bukwiye, impinduka z’ibipimo byo guhuza ingifu n’izunguruka ry’imbere zishobora kuguma mu buryo bwemewe, kugira ngo ikinyabiziga kigire umutekano mwiza wo gutwara. Kuri ubu, izunguruka ritagira uburebure bungana ryakoreshejwe cyane mu izunguruka ry’imbere n’iry’inyuma ry’imodoka, kandi amapine y’inyuma y’imodoka zimwe na zimwe za siporo n’imodoka zisiganwa nazo zikoresha ubu buryo bwo kwihagararaho.